1. 系统与安装数据库

 1 [root@zhang ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release  # 也可以使用其他版本 
 2 CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)
 3 [root@zhang ~]# yum install -y mariadb mariadb-server  # CentOS7的mysql数据库为mariadb 
 4 ………………
 5 [root@zhang ~]# systemctl enable mariadb.service   # 开机自启动mariadb 
 6 Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
 7 [root@zhang ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service # 启动mariadb 
 8 [root@zhang ~]# systemctl status mariadb.service # 查看mariadb服务状态 
 9 ● mariadb.service - MariaDB database server
10    Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
11    Active: active (running) since Wed 2018-05-23 17:13:35 CST; 6s ago
12   Process: 1755 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mariadb-wait-ready $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
13   Process: 1675 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-prepare-db-dir %n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
14 ………………

2. 数据库准备工作

2.1. 数据库字符集修改

2.1.1. 数据库版本信息

MariaDB [(none)]> select version();
+----------------+
| version()      |
+----------------+
| 5.5.56-MariaDB |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2.1.2. 支持哪些字符集

 1 MariaDB [(none)]>  show  CHARACTER SET; 
 2 ## 字符集        描述                            默认校对规则     最大长度  
 3 +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
 4 | Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |
 5 +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
 6 | big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
 7 | dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
 8 | cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
 9 | hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
10 | koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
11 | latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
12 | latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
13 | swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
14 | ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
15 | ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese             | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
16 | sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
17 | hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
18 | tis620   | TIS620 Thai                 | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 |
19 | euckr    | EUC-KR Korean               | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 |
20 | koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
21 | gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese   | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 |
22 | greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
23 | cp1250   | Windows Central European    | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
24 | gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese      | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 |
25 | latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
26 | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
27 | utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
28 | ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode               | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
29 | cp866    | DOS Russian                 | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
30 | keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
31 | macce    | Mac Central European        | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
32 | macroman | Mac West European           | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
33 | cp852    | DOS Central European        | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
34 | latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
35 | utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 |
36 | cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic            | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
37 | utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode              | utf16_general_ci    |      4 |
38 | cp1256   | Windows Arabic              | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
39 | cp1257   | Windows Baltic              | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
40 | utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode              | utf32_general_ci    |      4 |
41 | binary   | Binary pseudo charset       | binary              |      1 |
42 | geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian            | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 |
43 | cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese   | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 |
44 | eucjpms  | UJIS for Windows Japanese   | eucjpms_japanese_ci |      3 |
45 +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
46 39 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.1.3. 当前数据库默认字符集

MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%character_set%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                       |  ## 客户端来源数据使用的字符集
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |  ## 连接层字符集
| character_set_database   | latin1                     |  ## 当前选中数据库的默认字符集
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |  ## 查询结果返回字符集
| character_set_server     | latin1                     |  ## 默认的内部操作字符集【服务端（数据库）字符】
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |  ## 系统元数据(字段名等)字符集【Linux系统字符集】
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.1.4. 修改字符集为utf8

 1 [root@zhang ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf  
 2 [client]
 3 default-character-set=utf8
 4 
 5 [mysqld]
 6 character-set-server=utf8
 7 datadir=/var/lib/mysql
 8 socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
 9 # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
10 symbolic-links=0
11 # Settings user and group are ignored when systemd is used.
12 # If you need to run mysqld under a different user or group,
13 # customize your systemd unit file for mariadb according to the
14 # instructions in http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd
15 
16 [mysqld_safe]
17 log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
18 pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
19 
20 #
21 # include all files from the config directory
22 #
23 !includedir /etc/my.cnf.d
24 
25 [root@zhang ~]# systemctl restart mariadb.service # 重启mariadb
26 
27 # 字符集查看 
28 MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%character_set%';  
29 +--------------------------+----------------------------+
30 | Variable_name            | Value                      |
31 +--------------------------+----------------------------+
32 | character_set_client     | utf8                       |
33 | character_set_connection | utf8                       |
34 | character_set_database   | utf8                       |
35 | character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
36 | character_set_results    | utf8                       |
37 | character_set_server     | utf8                       |
38 | character_set_system     | utf8                       |
39 | character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
40 +--------------------------+----------------------------+
41 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.2. 数据库建库、授权操作

2.2.1. 创建数据库

MariaDB [(none)]> create database zhangtest01; 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show create database zhangtest01; 
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database    | Create Database                                                      |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| zhangtest01 | CREATE DATABASE `zhangtest01` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; 
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
| zhangtest01        |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.2.2. 授权

 1 MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on zhangtest01.* to zhang01@'%' identified by 'zhang01';  # 错误授权【大表操作时会失败】 
 2 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 3 
 4 MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on *.* to zhang06@'%' identified by 'zhang06';  # 正确授权 
 5 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 6 
 7 MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;  # 刷新权限 
 8 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 9 
10 MariaDB [(none)]> show grants for zhang01@'%' ;  
11 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
12 | Grants for zhang01@%                                                                                   |
13 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
14 | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'zhang01'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*4D6E977808109CE3DEEDEDA4E3EA17CE0F9CC8C1' |
15 | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `zhangtest01`.* TO 'zhang01'@'%'                                               |
16 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
17 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
18 
19 MariaDB [(none)]> show grants for zhang06@'%' ;  
20 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
21 | Grants for zhang06@%                                                                                            |
22 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
23 | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'zhang06'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*45D6EF2FFF78EB89123D0056C9AE2FC6BA6DA0E7' |
24 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
25 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
26 
27 mysql> show variables like '%connect%';      
28 +--------------------------+-----------------+
29 | Variable_name            | Value           |
30 +--------------------------+-----------------+
31 | character_set_connection | utf8            |
32 | collation_connection     | utf8_general_ci |
33 | connect_timeout          | 10              |
34 | extra_max_connections    | 1               |
35 | init_connect             |                 |
36 | max_connect_errors       | 10              |
37 | max_connections          | 151             |
38 | max_user_connections     | 0               |
39 +--------------------------+-----------------+
40 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
41 
42 mysql> show status like '%connect%';    # 连接信息     
43 +--------------------------+-------+
44 | Variable_name            | Value |
45 +--------------------------+-------+
46 | Aborted_connects         | 11    |
47 | Connections              | 36    |
48 | Max_used_connections     | 9     |
49 | Ssl_client_connects      | 0     |
50 | Ssl_connect_renegotiates | 0     |
51 | Ssl_finished_connects    | 0     |
52 | Threads_connected        | 5     |
53 +--------------------------+-------+
54 7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.3. 数据库建表、插入数据

2.3.1. 建表语句

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

2.3.2. 插入语句示例

INSERT INTO `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test` (`id`, `name`, `address`) VALUES ('0', 'test0', '中国XX省XX市0');

2.3.3. 对应的批量SQL语句脚本

[root@zhang database]# vim batch_insert.sh 
#!/bin/sh

for i in `echo {1..2000000}`;do
  echo "INSERT INTO zhangtest01.zhang_test (id, name, address) VALUES ('${i}', 'test${i}', '中国XX省XX市${i}'); "

done

执行脚本将插入数据放到一个文本中，之后导入数据库即可

3. percona-toolkit安装【可以在另外一台机器】

# 官网下载
[root@zhang tools]# wget https://www.percona.com/downloads/percona-toolkit/3.0.10/binary/redhat/7/x86_64/percona-toolkit-3.0.10-1.el7.x86_64.rpm  
………………
[root@zhang tools]# yum install -y percona-toolkit-3.0.10-1.el7.x86_64.rpm  
………………
[root@docker01 tools]# pt-online-schema-change --help # 帮助文档
………………

4. 大表DDL操作

4.1. 添加表字段【并保存原始表】

 1 [root@docker01 tools]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --nodrop-old-table --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "add uuid varchar(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'UUID' after id" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute  # 语句
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T13:02:13 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T13:02:13 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T13:02:13 Copying approximately 2006480 rows...
19 Copying `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`:  74% 00:10 remain
20 2018-05-23T13:02:21 Copied rows OK.
21 2018-05-23T13:02:21 Swapping tables...
22 2018-05-23T13:02:21 Swapped original and new tables OK.
23 Not dropping old table because --no-drop-old-table was specified.
24 2018-05-23T13:02:21 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T13:02:21 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.1.1. 修改后的表结构

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` varchar(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'UUID',
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

4.1.2. 命令参数说明

--nocheck-replication-filters
不检查复制过滤器【有主从复制也照样执行】

--[no]drop-old-table
    操作完后是否删除原始表【默认TRUE】

--critical-load="Threads_running=1000"  # 终止拷贝【不优先使用】
    类似于--max-load，不同的是检测到超高负载时会直接中断OSC进程而不是暂停
--max-load="Threads_running=1000"        # 暂停拷贝【优先使用】
    默认如果检测到服务器负载过重会暂停操作
    检查每个块后显示全局状态，如果负载太高暂停（默认Threads_running＝25）

D=zhangtest01
    操作的哪个数据库

t=zhang_test
    操作哪张表

--execute
    执行操作

4.2. 修改表字段

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "MODIFY uuid varchar(80)" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute  
 2 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "MODIFY uuid int(11)" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute  
 3 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 4 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 5 Operation, tries, wait:
 6   analyze_table, 10, 1
 7   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 8   create_triggers, 10, 1
 9   drop_triggers, 10, 1
10   swap_tables, 10, 1
11   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
12 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
13 Creating new table...
14 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
15 Altering new table...
16 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
17 2018-05-23T22:11:15 Creating triggers...
18 2018-05-23T22:11:15 Created triggers OK.
19 2018-05-23T22:11:15 Copying approximately 2005915 rows...
20 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Copied rows OK.
21 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Swapping tables...
22 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Swapped original and new tables OK.
23 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Dropping old table...
24 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
25 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Dropping triggers...
26 2018-05-23T22:11:22 Dropped triggers OK.
27 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.3. 删除表字段

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "DROP uuid" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute  
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T22:04:38 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T22:04:38 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T22:04:38 Copying approximately 1996965 rows...
19 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Copied rows OK.
20 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Swapping tables...
21 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Swapped original and new tables OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Dropping old table...
23 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T22:04:47 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.4. 添加表索引

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "ADD INDEX index_name(name)" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute   # ADD INDEX indexName(columnName) 
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T22:16:59 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T22:16:59 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T22:16:59 Copying approximately 2013664 rows...
19 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Copied rows OK.
20 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Swapping tables...
21 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Swapped original and new tables OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Dropping old table...
23 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T22:17:12 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.4.1. 修改后的表结构

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `index_name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

4.5. 删除表索引

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "DROP INDEX index_name" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute  # DROP INDEX indexName 
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T22:19:31 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T22:19:31 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T22:19:31 Copying approximately 2005445 rows...
19 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Copied rows OK.
20 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Swapping tables...
21 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Swapped original and new tables OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Dropping old table...
23 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T22:19:38 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.6. 添加唯一索引

 1 ##### 注意：确保字段中数据的唯一性，不然会丢失数据
 2 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --nocheck-unique-key-change --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "ADD UNIQUE uniq_index_name(name)" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute  # ADD UNIQUE uniqueName(columnName)  
 3 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 4 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 5 Operation, tries, wait:
 6   analyze_table, 10, 1
 7   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 8   create_triggers, 10, 1
 9   drop_triggers, 10, 1
10   swap_tables, 10, 1
11   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
12 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
13 Creating new table...
14 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
15 Altering new table...
16 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
17 2018-05-23T22:24:31 Creating triggers...
18 2018-05-23T22:24:31 Created triggers OK.
19 2018-05-23T22:24:31 Copying approximately 2005445 rows...
20 Copying `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`:  69% 00:13 remain
21 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Copied rows OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Swapping tables...
23 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Swapped original and new tables OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Dropping old table...
25 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
26 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Dropping triggers...
27 2018-05-23T22:24:44 Dropped triggers OK.
28 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.6.1. 修改后的表结构

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `uniq_index_name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

4.6.2. 命令参数说明

--nocheck-unique-key-change
    添加该参数选项，才可以添加唯一索引

4.7. 删除唯一索引

 1 ##### 与删除普通索引一样
 2 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "DROP INDEX uniq_index_name" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute   # DROP UNIQUE uniqueName
 3 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 4 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 5 Operation, tries, wait:
 6   analyze_table, 10, 1
 7   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 8   create_triggers, 10, 1
 9   drop_triggers, 10, 1
10   swap_tables, 10, 1
11   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
12 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
13 Creating new table...
14 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
15 Altering new table...
16 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
17 2018-05-23T22:35:12 Creating triggers...
18 2018-05-23T22:35:12 Created triggers OK.
19 2018-05-23T22:35:12 Copying approximately 2005445 rows...
20 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Copied rows OK.
21 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Swapping tables...
22 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Swapped original and new tables OK.
23 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Dropping old table...
24 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
25 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Dropping triggers...
26 2018-05-23T22:35:19 Dropped triggers OK.
27 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.8. 删除表主键

4.8.1. 重要说明

对主键修改的步骤：
    1、保证有一个唯一索引【如果没有那么就添加一个唯一索引】
    2、删除原主键
    3、添加新主键
    4、删除之前的唯一索引【可选】
原因如下：
The new table `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` does not have a PRIMARY KEY or a unique index which is required for the DELETE trigger.

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --nocheck-alter --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "DROP PRIMARY KEY" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute   
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T22:45:28 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T22:45:28 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T22:45:28 Copying approximately 2005445 rows...
19 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Copied rows OK.
20 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Swapping tables...
21 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Swapped original and new tables OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Dropping old table...
23 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T22:45:42 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.8.2. 修改后的表结构【没有主键了，但有唯一索引】

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  UNIQUE KEY `uniq_index_name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

4.8.3. 命令参数说明

--[no]check-alter
    解析-ALTER指定并尝试警告可能的意外行为（默认为“是”）
    如果没有改选项，修改会失败

4.9. 添加表主键

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --nocheck-alter --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute   
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T22:47:23 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T22:47:23 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T22:47:23 Copying approximately 2227360 rows...
19 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Copied rows OK.
20 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Swapping tables...
21 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Swapped original and new tables OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Dropping old table...
23 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T22:47:36 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.9.1. 修改后的表结构

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `uniq_index_name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

4.10. 多个操作合一

 1 [root@docker01 ~]# pt-online-schema-change -h172.16.1.14 -uzhang06 -pzhang06 --nocheck-replication-filters --charset=UTF8 --max-load="Threads_running=1000" --alter "add last_name varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名' after name, ADD INDEX index_address(address), add birthday date COMMENT '生日'" D=zhangtest01,t=zhang_test --execute    
 2 No slaves found.  See --recursion-method if host zhang has slaves.
 3 Not checking slave lag because no slaves were found and --check-slave-lag was not specified.
 4 Operation, tries, wait:
 5   analyze_table, 10, 1
 6   copy_rows, 10, 0.25
 7   create_triggers, 10, 1
 8   drop_triggers, 10, 1
 9   swap_tables, 10, 1
10   update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
11 Altering `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`...
12 Creating new table...
13 Created new table zhangtest01._zhang_test_new OK.
14 Altering new table...
15 Altered `zhangtest01`.`_zhang_test_new` OK.
16 2018-05-23T22:55:17 Creating triggers...
17 2018-05-23T22:55:17 Created triggers OK.
18 2018-05-23T22:55:17 Copying approximately 1990757 rows...
19 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Copied rows OK.
20 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Swapping tables...
21 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Swapped original and new tables OK.
22 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Dropping old table...
23 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Dropped old table `zhangtest01`.`__zhang_test_old` OK.
24 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Dropping triggers...
25 2018-05-23T22:55:39 Dropped triggers OK.
26 Successfully altered `zhangtest01`.`zhang_test`.

4.10.1. 修改前的表结构

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `uniq_index_name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

4.10.2. 修改后的表结构

CREATE TABLE `zhang_test` (
  `id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  `uuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `last_name` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
  `address` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
  `birthday` date DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '生日',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `uniq_index_name` (`name`),
  KEY `index_address` (`address`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

5. 附录：

5.1. 参考文章

1、linux下percona-toolkit工具包的安装和使用（超详细版）

2、不停机不停服务，MYSQL可以这样修改亿级数据表结构

3、pt-online-schema-change解读

4、Mysql 查看连接数,状态最大并发数(赞)

percona-toolkit大表操作DDL使用 2.1. 数据库字符集修改2.2. 数据库建库、授权操作2.3. 数据库建表、插入数据4.1. 添加表字段【

1. 系统与安装数据库

2. 数据库准备工作

2.1. 数据库字符集修改

2.1.1. 数据库版本信息

2.1.2. 支持哪些字符集

2.1.3. 当前数据库默认字符集

2.1.4. 修改字符集为utf8

2.2. 数据库建库、授权操作

2.2.1. 创建数据库

2.2.2. 授权

2.3. 数据库建表、插入数据

2.3.1. 建表语句

2.3.2. 插入语句示例

2.3.3. 对应的批量SQL语句脚本

3. percona-toolkit安装【可以在另外一台机器】

4. 大表DDL操作

4.1. 添加表字段【并保存原始表】

4.1.1. 修改后的表结构

4.1.2. 命令参数说明

4.2. 修改表字段

4.3. 删除表字段

4.4. 添加表索引

4.4.1. 修改后的表结构

4.5. 删除表索引

4.6. 添加唯一索引

4.6.1. 修改后的表结构

4.6.2. 命令参数说明

4.7. 删除唯一索引

4.8. 删除表主键

4.8.1. 重要说明

4.8.2. 修改后的表结构【没有主键了，但有唯一索引】

4.8.3. 命令参数说明

4.9. 添加表主键

4.9.1. 修改后的表结构

4.10. 多个操作合一

4.10.1. 修改前的表结构

4.10.2. 修改后的表结构

5. 附录：

5.1. 参考文章