史上最强Spring mvc入门

时间:2022-04-26
本文章向大家介绍史上最强Spring mvc入门,主要内容包括一、SpringMVC基础入门,创建一个HelloWorld程序、二、配置解析、三、SpringMVC常用注解、四、自动匹配参数、五、自动装箱、六、使用InitBinder来处理Date类型的参数、七、向前台传递参数、八、使用Ajax调用、十、文件上传、十一、使用@RequestParam注解指定参数的name、十二、RESTFul风格的SringMVC、十三、返回json格式的字符串、十四、异常的处理、十五、设置一个自定义拦截器、十六、表单的验证(使用Hibernate-validate)及国际化、十七、压轴大戏--整合SpringIOC和SpringMVC、十八、SpringMVC详细运行流程图、十九、SpringMVC与struts2的区别、基本概念、基础应用、原理机制和需要注意的事项等,并结合实例形式分析了其使用技巧,希望通过本文能帮助到大家理解应用这部分内容。

一、SpringMVC基础入门,创建一个HelloWorld程序

  1.首先,导入SpringMVC需要的jar包。

  2.添加Web.xml配置文件中关于SpringMVC的配置

<!--configure
 the setting of springmvcDispatcherServlet and configure the mapping-->

<servlet>

    <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>

    <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>

    <init-param>

          <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>

          <param-value>classpath:springmvc-servlet.xml</param-value>

      </init-param>

      <!--
 <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> -->

</servlet>

 

<servlet-mapping>

    <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name>

    <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

  3.在src下添加springmvc-servlet.xml配置文件

<?xml

version="1.0"

encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans

xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"

    xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"

    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsd

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc

http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.1.xsd">                   

 

    <!--
 scan the package and the sub package -->

    <context:component-scan

base-package="test.SpringMVC"/>

 

    <!--
 don't handle the static resource -->

    <mvc:default-servlet-handler

/>

 

    <!--
 if you use annotation you must configure following setting -->

    <mvc:annotation-driven

/>

     

    <!--
 configure the InternalResourceViewResolver -->

    <bean

class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"

            id="internalResourceViewResolver">

        <!--
 前缀 -->

        <property

name="prefix"

value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"

/>

        <!--
 后缀 -->

        <property

name="suffix"

value=".jsp"

/>

    </bean>

</beans>

  4.在WEB-INF文件夹下创建名为jsp的文件夹,用来存放jsp视图。创建一个hello.jsp,在body中添加“Hello World”。

  5.建立包及Controller,如下所示

  6.编写Controller代码

@Controller

@RequestMapping("/mvc")

public

class 
mvcController {

 

    @RequestMapping("/hello")

    public

String hello(){        

        return

"hello";

    }

}

  7.启动服务器,键入 http://localhost:8080/项目名/mvc/hello

 二、配置解析

  1.Dispatcherservlet

  DispatcherServlet是前置控制器,配置在web.xml文件中的。拦截匹配的请求,Servlet拦截匹配规则要自已定义,把拦截下来的请求,依据相应的规则分发到目标Controller来处理,是配置spring MVC的第一步。

  2.InternalResourceViewResolver

  视图名称解析器

  3.以上出现的注解

  @Controller 负责注册一个bean 到spring 上下文中

  @RequestMapping 注解为控制器指定可以处理哪些 URL 请求

 三、SpringMVC常用注解

  @Controller

  负责注册一个bean 到spring 上下文中

  @RequestMapping

  注解为控制器指定可以处理哪些 URL 请求

  @RequestBody

  该注解用于读取Request请求的body部分数据,使用系统默认配置的HttpMessageConverter进行解析,然后把相应的数据绑定到要返回的对象上 ,再把HttpMessageConverter返回的对象数据绑定到 controller中方法的参数上

  @ResponseBody

  该注解用于将Controller的方法返回的对象,通过适当的HttpMessageConverter转换为指定格式后,写入到Response对象的body数据区

  @ModelAttribute    

  在方法定义上使用 @ModelAttribute 注解:Spring MVC 在调用目标处理方法前,会先逐个调用在方法级上标注了@ModelAttribute 的方法

  在方法的入参前使用 @ModelAttribute 注解:可以从隐含对象中获取隐含的模型数据中获取对象,再将请求参数 –绑定到对象中,再传入入参将方法入参对象添加到模型中 

  @RequestParam 

  在处理方法入参处使用 @RequestParam 可以把请求参 数传递给请求方法

  @PathVariable

  绑定 URL 占位符到入参

  @ExceptionHandler

  注解到方法上,出现异常时会执行该方法

  @ControllerAdvice

  使一个Contoller成为全局的异常处理类,类中用@ExceptionHandler方法注解的方法可以处理所有Controller发生的异常

 四、自动匹配参数

//match
 automatically

@RequestMapping("/person")

public

String toPerson(String name,double

age){

    System.out.println(name+"
 "+age);

    return

"hello";

}

 五、自动装箱

  1.编写一个Person实体类

package

test.SpringMVC.model;

 

public

class 
Person {

    public

String getName() {

        return

name;

    }

    public

void 
setName(String name) {

        this.name
 = name;

    }

    public

int 
getAge() {

        return

age;

    }

    public

void 
setAge(int

age) {

        this.age
 = age;

    }

    private

String name;

    private

int 
age;

     

}

  2.在Controller里编写方法

//boxing
 automatically

@RequestMapping("/person1")

public

String toPerson(Person p){

    System.out.println(p.getName()+"
 "+p.getAge());

    return

"hello";

}

 六、使用InitBinder来处理Date类型的参数

//the
 parameter was converted in initBinder

@RequestMapping("/date")

public

String date(Date date){

    System.out.println(date);

    return

"hello";

}

    

//At
 the time of initialization,convert the type "String" to type "date"

@InitBinder

public

void 
initBinder(ServletRequestDataBinder binder){

    binder.registerCustomEditor(Date.class,
new

CustomDateEditor(new

SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd"),

            true));

}

 七、向前台传递参数

//pass
 the parameters to front-end

@RequestMapping("/show")

public

String showPerson(Map<String,Object> map){

    Person
 p =new

Person();

    map.put("p",
 p);

    p.setAge(20);

    p.setName("jayjay");

    return

"show";

}

  前台可在Request域中取到"p"

 八、使用Ajax调用

//pass
 the parameters to front-end using ajax

@RequestMapping("/getPerson")

public

void 
getPerson(String name,PrintWriter pw){

    pw.write("hello,"+name);       

}

@RequestMapping("/name")

public

String sayHello(){

    return

"name";

}

  前台用下面的Jquery代码调用

$(function(){

    $("#btn").click(function(){

       $.post("mvc/getPerson",{name:$("#name").val()},function(data){

            alert(data);

        });

    });

});

 九、在Controller中使用redirect方式处理请求

//redirect

@RequestMapping("/redirect")

public

String redirect(){

    return

"redirect:hello";

}

 十、文件上传

  1.需要导入两个jar包

  2.在SpringMVC配置文件中加入

<!--
 upload settings -->

<bean

id="multipartResolver" 

class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver">

    <property

name="maxUploadSize"

value="102400000"></property>

</bean>

  3.方法代码

@RequestMapping(value="/upload",method=RequestMethod.POST)

public

String upload(HttpServletRequest req) throws

Exception{

    MultipartHttpServletRequest
 mreq = (MultipartHttpServletRequest)req;

    MultipartFile
 file = mreq.getFile("file");

    String
 fileName = file.getOriginalFilename();

    SimpleDateFormat
 sdf = new

SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMddHHmmss");       

    FileOutputStream
 fos = new

FileOutputStream(req.getSession().getServletContext().getRealPath("/")+

            "upload/"+sdf.format(new

Date())+fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf('.')));

    fos.write(file.getBytes());

    fos.flush();

    fos.close();

     

    return

"hello";

}

  4.前台form表单

<form

action="mvc/upload"

method="post"

enctype="multipart/form-data">

    <input

type="file"

name="file"><br>

    <input

type="submit"

value="submit">

</form>

 十一、使用@RequestParam注解指定参数的name

@Controller

@RequestMapping("/test")

public

class 
mvcController1 {

    @RequestMapping(value="/param")

    public

String testRequestParam(@RequestParam(value="id")
 Integer id,

            @RequestParam(value="name")String
 name){

        System.out.println(id+"
 "+name);

        return

"/hello";

    }   

}

 十二、RESTFul风格的SringMVC

  1.RestController


@Controller

@RequestMapping("/rest")

public

class 
RestController {

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.GET)

    public

String get(@PathVariable("id")
 Integer id){

        System.out.println("get"+id);

        return

"/hello";

    }

     

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.POST)

    public

String post(@PathVariable("id")
 Integer id){

        System.out.println("post"+id);

        return

"/hello";

    }

     

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.PUT)

    public

String put(@PathVariable("id")
 Integer id){

        System.out.println("put"+id);

        return

"/hello";

    }

     

    @RequestMapping(value="/user/{id}",method=RequestMethod.DELETE)

    public

String delete(@PathVariable("id")
 Integer id){

        System.out.println("delete"+id);

        return

"/hello";

    }

     

}

  2.form表单发送put和delete请求

  在web.xml中配置

<!--
 configure the HiddenHttpMethodFilter,convert the post method to put or delete -->

<filter>

    <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name>

    <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-class>

</filter>

<filter-mapping>

    <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name>

    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>

</filter-mapping>

  在前台可以用以下代码产生请求

<form

action="rest/user/1"

method="post">

    <input

type="hidden"

name="_method"

value="PUT">

    <input

type="submit"

value="put">

</form>

 

<form

action="rest/user/1"

method="post">

    <input

type="submit"

value="post">

</form>

 

<form

action="rest/user/1"

method="get">

    <input

type="submit"

value="get">

</form>

 

<form

action="rest/user/1"

method="post">

    <input

type="hidden"

name="_method"

value="DELETE">

    <input

type="submit"

value="delete">

</form>

 十三、返回json格式的字符串

  1.导入以下jar包

  2.方法代码

@Controller

@RequestMapping("/json")

public

class 
jsonController {

     

    @ResponseBody

    @RequestMapping("/user")

    public 

User get(){

        User
 u = new

User();

        u.setId(1);

        u.setName("jayjay");

        u.setBirth(new

Date());

        return

u;

    }

}

 十四、异常的处理

  1.处理局部异常(Controller内)

@ExceptionHandler

public

ModelAndView exceptionHandler(Exception ex){

    ModelAndView
 mv = new

ModelAndView("error");

    mv.addObject("exception",
 ex);

    System.out.println("in
 testExceptionHandler");

    return

mv;

}

    

@RequestMapping("/error")

public

String error(){

    int

i = 5/0;

    return

"hello";

}

  2.处理全局异常(所有Controller)

@ControllerAdvice

public

class 
testControllerAdvice {

    @ExceptionHandler

    public

ModelAndView exceptionHandler(Exception ex){

        ModelAndView
 mv = new

ModelAndView("error");

        mv.addObject("exception",
 ex);

        System.out.println("in
 testControllerAdvice");

        return

mv;

    }

}

  3.另一种处理全局异常的方法

  在SpringMVC配置文件中配置

<!--
 configure SimpleMappingExceptionResolver -->

<bean

class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleMappingExceptionResolver">

    <property

name="exceptionMappings">

        <props>

            <prop

key="java.lang.ArithmeticException">error</prop>

        </props>

    </property>

</bean>

  error是出错页面

 十五、设置一个自定义拦截器

  1.创建一个MyInterceptor类,并实现HandlerInterceptor接口

public

class 
MyInterceptor implements

HandlerInterceptor {

 

    @Override

    public

void 
afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest arg0,

            HttpServletResponse
 arg1, Object arg2, Exception arg3)

            throws

Exception {

        System.out.println("afterCompletion");

    }

 

    @Override

    public

void 
postHandle(HttpServletRequest arg0, HttpServletResponse arg1,

            Object
 arg2, ModelAndView arg3) throws

Exception {

        System.out.println("postHandle");

    }

 

    @Override

    public

boolean 
preHandle(HttpServletRequest arg0, HttpServletResponse arg1,

            Object
 arg2) throws

Exception {

        System.out.println("preHandle");

        return

true;

    }

 

}

  2.在SpringMVC的配置文件中配置

<!--
 interceptor setting -->

<mvc:interceptors>

    <mvc:interceptor>

        <mvc:mapping

path="/mvc/**"/>

        <bean

class="test.SpringMVC.Interceptor.MyInterceptor"></bean>

    </mvc:interceptor>       

</mvc:interceptors>

  3.拦截器执行顺序

 十六、表单的验证(使用Hibernate-validate)及国际化

  1.导入Hibernate-validate需要的jar包

(未选中不用导入)

  2.编写实体类User并加上验证注解

public

class 
User {

    public

int 
getId() {

        return

id;

    }

    public

void 
setId(int

id) {

        this.id
 = id;

    }

    public

String getName() {

        return

name;

    }

    public

void 
setName(String name) {

        this.name
 = name;

    }

    public

Date getBirth() {

        return

birth;

    }

    public

void 
setBirth(Date birth) {

        this.birth
 = birth;

    }

    @Override

    public

String toString() {

        return

"User [id=" 
+ id + ",
 name=" 
+ name + ",
 birth=" 
+ birth + "]";

    }   

    private

int 
id;

    @NotEmpty

    private

String name;

 

    @Past

    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd")

    private

Date birth;

}

  ps:@Past表示时间必须是一个过去值

  3.在jsp中使用SpringMVC的form表单

<form:form

action="form/add"

method="post"

modelAttribute="user">

    id:<form:input

path="id"/><form:errors

path="id"/><br>

    name:<form:input

path="name"/><form:errors

path="name"/><br>

    birth:<form:input

path="birth"/><form:errors

path="birth"/>

    <input

type="submit"

value="submit">

</form:form>

  ps:path对应name

  4.Controller中代码

@Controller

@RequestMapping("/form")

public

class 
formController {

    @RequestMapping(value="/add",method=RequestMethod.POST)   

    public

String add(@Valid

User u,BindingResult br){

        if(br.getErrorCount()>0){           

            return

"addUser";

        }

        return

"showUser";

    }

     

    @RequestMapping(value="/add",method=RequestMethod.GET)

    public

String add(Map<String,Object> map){

        map.put("user",new

User());

        return

"addUser";

    }

}

  ps:

  1.因为jsp中使用了modelAttribute属性,所以必须在request域中有一个"user".

  2.@Valid 表示按照在实体上标记的注解验证参数

  3.返回到原页面错误信息回回显,表单也会回显

  5.错误信息自定义

  在src目录下添加locale.properties

NotEmpty.user.name=name can't not be empty
Past.user.birth=birth should be a past value
DateTimeFormat.user.birth=the format of input is wrong
typeMismatch.user.birth=the format of input is wrong
typeMismatch.user.id=the format of input is wrong

  在SpringMVC配置文件中配置

<!--
 configure the locale resource -->

<bean

id="messageSource"

class="org.springframework.context.support.ResourceBundleMessageSource">

    <property

name="basename"

value="locale"></property>

</bean>

  6.国际化显示

  在src下添加locale_zh_CN.properties

username=账号
password=密码

  locale.properties中添加

username=user name
password=password

  创建一个locale.jsp

<body>

  <fmt:message

key="username"></fmt:message>

  <fmt:message

key="password"></fmt:message>

</body>

  在SpringMVC中配置

<!--
 make the jsp page can be visited -->

<mvc:view-controller

path="/locale"

view-name="locale"/>

  让locale.jsp在WEB-INF下也能直接访问

  最后,访问locale.jsp,切换浏览器语言,能看到账号和密码的语言也切换了

 十七、压轴大戏--整合SpringIOC和SpringMVC

  1.创建一个test.SpringMVC.integrate的包用来演示整合,并创建各类

  2.User实体类

public

class 
User {

    public

int 
getId() {

        return

id;

    }

    public

void 
setId(int

id) {

        this.id
 = id;

    }

    public

String getName() {

        return

name;

    }

    public

void 
setName(String name) {

        this.name
 = name;

    }

    public

Date getBirth() {

        return

birth;

    }

    public

void 
setBirth(Date birth) {

        this.birth
 = birth;

    }

    @Override

    public

String toString() {

        return

"User [id=" 
+ id + ",
 name=" 
+ name + ",
 birth=" 
+ birth + "]";

    }   

    private

int 
id;

    @NotEmpty

    private

String name;

 

    @Past

    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd")

    private

Date birth;

}

  3.UserService类

@Component

public

class 
UserService {

    public

UserService(){

        System.out.println("UserService
 Constructor...nnnnnn");

    }

     

    public

void 
save(){

        System.out.println("save");

    }

}@Component

public

class 
UserService {

    public

UserService(){

        System.out.println("UserService
 Constructor...nnnnnn");

    }

     

    public

void 
save(){

        System.out.println("save");

    }

}

  4.UserController

@Controller

@RequestMapping("/integrate")

public

class 
UserController {

    @Autowired

    private

UserService userService;

     

    @RequestMapping("/user")

    public

String saveUser(@RequestBody

@ModelAttribute 
User u){

        System.out.println(u);

        userService.save();

        return

"hello";

    }

}

  5.Spring配置文件

  在src目录下创建SpringIOC的配置文件applicationContext.xml

<?xml

version="1.0"

encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans

xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context

        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd

        "

        xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"

        xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"

        xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"   

        >

    <context:component-scan

base-package="test.SpringMVC.integrate">

        <context:exclude-filter

type="annotation"

            expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>

        <context:exclude-filter

type="annotation"

            expression="org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice"/>       

    </context:component-scan>

     

</beans>

  在Web.xml中添加配置

<!--
 configure the springIOC -->

<listener>

    <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>

</listener>

<context-param> 

  <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> 

  <param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>

</context-param>

  6.在SpringMVC中进行一些配置,防止SpringMVC和SpringIOC对同一个对象的管理重合

<!--
 scan the package and the sub package -->

    <context:component-scan

base-package="test.SpringMVC.integrate">

        <context:include-filter

type="annotation"

            expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>

        <context:include-filter

type="annotation"

            expression="org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice"/>

    </context:component-scan>

 十八、SpringMVC详细运行流程图

 十九、SpringMVC与struts2的区别

  1、springmvc基于方法开发的,struts2基于类开发的。springmvc将url和controller里的方法映射。映射成功后springmvc生成一个Handler对象,对象中只包括了一个method。方法执行结束,形参数据销毁。springmvc的controller开发类似web service开发。

  2、springmvc可以进行单例开发,并且建议使用单例开发,struts2通过类的成员变量接收参数,无法使用单例,只能使用多例。

  3、经过实际测试,struts2速度慢,在于使用struts标签,如果使用struts建议使用jstl。