关于sysdba,sysoper,dba的区别(r3笔记第62天)

时间:2022-05-04
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关于sysdba,sysoper,dba这些名词在工作中可能接触的比较多,如果接触的环境是服务器端的,sysdba可能是经常用到的。如果是数据库的维护工作,dba就是必备的权限。 在oracle的官方文档中给出了sysdba和sysoper的区别。我在这个基础上又加入了一些东西做点补充。 标黄的部分是sysdba和sysoper的不同之处。这两个特殊的系统权限和dba权限还是有着明显的差别。

System Privilege

Operations Authorized

SYSDBA

Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operationsALTER DATABASE: open, mount, back up, or change character setCREATE DATABASEDROP DATABASECREATE SPFILEALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOGALTER DATABASE RECOVERIncludes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilegeEffectively, this system privilege allows a user to connect as user SYS.

SYSOPER

Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operationsCREATE SPFILEALTER DATABASE OPEN/MOUNT/BACKUPALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOGALTER DATABASE RECOVER (Complete recovery only. Any form of incomplete recovery, such as UNTIL TIME|CHANGE|CANCEL|CONTROLFILE requires connecting as SYSDBA.)Includes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege

  • Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operations
  • ALTER DATABASE: open, mount, back up, or change character set
  • CREATE DATABASE
  • DROP DATABASE
  • CREATE SPFILE
  • ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG
  • ALTER DATABASE RECOVER
  • Includes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege

Effectively, this system privilege allows a user to connect as user SYS.SYSOPER

  • Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operations
  • CREATE SPFILE
  • ALTER DATABASE OPEN/MOUNT/BACKUP
  • ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG
  • ALTER DATABASE RECOVER (Complete recovery only. Any form of incomplete recovery, such as UNTIL TIME|CHANGE|CANCEL|CONTROLFILE requires connecting as SYSDBA.)
  • Includes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege

1 sys,system用户都是数据库创建时内置的用户。sys绑定的是sysdba系统权限,system绑定的是dba角色。 sys的默认密码是CHANGE_ON_INSTALL,而system的默认密码是MANAGER 2 如果直接拿sys来登录,不使用sysdba,会有下面的错误。

[ora11g@rac1 ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle
SQL*Plus: Release  11.2.0.3.0 Production on Sat Nov 22 04:39:21 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011,  Oracle.  All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-28009: connection as SYS should be as  SYSDBA or SYSOPER

3 sysdba对应的用户时SYS,而sysoper对应的用户PUBLIC

SQL> conn / as  sysoper
Connected.
SQL> show user
USER is "PUBLIC"
SQL> conn / as  sysdba
Connected.
SQL> show user  
USER is  "SYS"

4 如果在服务端登录,随便用一个用户。因为设置了操作系统级的验证,所以都可以使用sysdba.

SQL>  conn test/test as  sysdba
Connected.

如果使用了tns连接的情况下。就会校验test的权限。发现不具备sysdba的系统权限。

SQL>  conn test/tets@test01 as  sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01031:  insufficient privileges

5 关于sys,不得不提到密码文件。如果没有密码文件。会报如下的错误。

[ora11g@rac1 dbs]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@test01 as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Sat Nov 22 05:40:03 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient  privileges

创建了密码文件之后,就没有问题

[ora11g@rac1 dbs]$ orapwd password=oracle file=orapwTEST01  entries=2
[ora11g@rac1 dbs]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@test01 as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Sat Nov 22 05:40:37 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected  to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit  Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application  Testing options
SQL> exit

6 关于sysdba和dba的区别,可以通过如下的例子来简单示范一下。 用户n1是dba用户。我们使用sysdba和dba权限的时候来看一下不同之处。

[ora11g@rac1 dbs]$ sqlplus n1/n1 as  sysdba 
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Sat Nov 22 05:56:40 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected  to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit  Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application  Testing options
SQL> select count(*)from cat;
 COUNT(*)
----------
 4809 
SQL> conn  n1/n1
Connected.
SQL> select count(*)from cat;
 COUNT(*)
----------
 406

7 sysdba具有的权限要远大于dba。我们平常使用的dba角色主要包括创建表,视图,索引等等的明细权限,但是sysdba可以做数据库级的任何操作。