#字符串
name = "ada LoveLace"
print(name.title())#title()用于大写首字母(未改变原字符串)
print(name.upper())#upper()用于大写全部字母
print(name.lower())#lower()用于小写全部字母

#强转字符型
age = 23
message = "Happy " + str(age) + "rd Birthday!"
print(message)

colors = ['blue', 'yellow', 'green', 'red']
colors.append('black')#向列表末尾加入新元素(改变了原列表)
colors.insert(0,'white')#向列表中插入新元素
del colors[0]#通过索引删除元素
popped_colors = colors.pop()#pop弹出列表中的元素，无参数则弹出列表最后一个元素
colors.remove('blue')#删除指定元素

magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina'] 
for magician in magicians: 
    print(magician)

numbers = list(range(1,6)) 
print(numbers)

squares = [] 
for value in range(1,6): 
    square = value**2 
    squares.append(square) 
print(squares)

squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,6)]

dimensions = (200, 50) 
print(dimensions[0])

alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5} 
print(alien_0['color'])

alien_0['x_position'] = 0 
alien_0['y_position'] = 25 
print(alien_0)

user_0 = { 
 'username': 'efermi', 
 'first': 'enrico', 
 'last': 'fermi', 
 } 
for key, value in user_0.items(): 
    print("\nKey: " + key) 
    print("Value: " + value)

message = input("Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: ") 
print(message)

current_number = 1 
while current_number <= 5: 
    print(current_number) 
    current_number += 1

# 首先创建一个列表，其中包含一些要打印的设计
unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron'] 
completed_models = [] 
# 模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止
# 打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中
while unprinted_designs: 
    current_design = unprinted_designs.pop() 
    #模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
    print("Printing model: " + current_design) 
    completed_models.append(current_design) 
 
# 显示打印好的所有模型
print("\nThe following models have been printed:") 
for completed_model in completed_models: 
    print(completed_model)

def make_pizza(size, *toppings): 
    """概述要制作的比萨""" 
    print("\nMaking a " + str(size) + \
          "-inch pizza with the following toppings:") 
    for topping in toppings: 
        print("- " + topping) 
 
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni') 
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')

def build_profile(first, last, **user_info): 
    """创建一个字典，其中包含我们知道的有关用户的一切""" 
    profile = {} 
    profile['first_name'] = first 
    profile['last_name'] = last 
    for key, value in user_info.items(): 
        profile[key] = value 
    return profile 
user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein', \
                             location='princeton', \
                             field='physics') 
print(user_profile)

class Dog(): 
    """一次模拟小狗的简单尝试""" 
    def __init__(self, name, age): 
        """初始化属性name和age""" 
        self.name = name 
        self.age = age 
    def sit(self): 
        """模拟小狗被命令时蹲下""" 
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.") 
    def roll_over(self): 
        """模拟小狗被命令时打滚""" 
        print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")

my_dog = Dog('willie', 6) 
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() + ".") 
print("My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " years old.")

my_dog.sit() 
my_dog.roll_over()

class Car():
    """一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0
    
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
        return long_name.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer!")
    
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):
        self.odometer_reading += miles

class ElectricCar(Car): 
    """Represent aspects of a car, 
    specific to electric vehicles.""" 
    def __init__(self, make, model, year): 
        """ 
        电动汽车的独特之处
        初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
        """ 
        super().__init__(make, model, year) 
        self.battery_size = 70 
 
    def describe_battery(self): 
        """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息""" 
        print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.") 
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016) 
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name()) 
my_tesla.describe_battery()

class Battery(): 
    """一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试""" 
    def __init__(self, battery_size=70): 
        """初始化电瓶的属性""" 
        self.battery_size = battery_size 
    def describe_battery(self): 
        """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息""" 
        print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.") 

class ElectricCar(Car): 
    """电动汽车的独特之处""" 
    def __init__(self, make, model, year): 
        """ 
        初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
        """ 
        super().__init__(make, model, year) 
        self.battery = Battery()

my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016) 
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object: 
    contents = file_object.read() 
    print(contents)

with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object: 
    for line in file_object: 
        print(line.rstrip())

filename = 'programming.txt' 
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object: 
    file_object.write("I love programming.")

try: 
    print(5/0) 
except ZeroDivisionError: 
    print("You can't divide by zero!")

print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.") 
print("Enter 'q' to quit.") 
while True: 
    first_number = input("\nFirst number: ") 
    if first_number == 'q': 
        break 
    second_number = input("Second number: ") 
    try: 
        answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number) 
    except ZeroDivisionError: 
        print("You can't divide by 0!") 
    else: 
        print(answer)

filename = 'alice.txt' 
try: 
    with open(filename) as f_obj: 
        contents = f_obj.read() 
except FileNotFoundError: 
    msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist." 
    print(msg)

import json 
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] 
filename = 'numbers.json' 
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj: 
    json.dump(numbers, f_obj)

filename = 'numbers.json' 
with open(filename) as f_obj: 
    numbers = json.load(f_obj) 
print(numbers)

import unittest 

def get_formatted_name(first, last): 
    """Generate a neatly formatted full name.""" 
    full_name = first + ' ' + last 
    return full_name.title()


class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase): 
    """测试name_function.py""" 
    
    def test_first_last_name(self): 
        """能够正确地处理像Janis Joplin这样的姓名吗？""" 
        formatted_name = get_formatted_name('janis', 'joplin') 
        self.assertEqual(formatted_name, 'Janis Joplin') 
unittest.main()

import unittest 

class AnonymousSurvey(): 
    """收集匿名调查问卷的答案""" 
     
    def __init__(self, question): 
        """存储一个问题，并为存储答案做准备""" 
        self.question = question 
        self.responses = [] 
     
    def show_question(self): 
        """显示调查问卷""" 
        print(self.question) 
     
    def store_response(self, new_response): 
        """存储单份调查答卷""" 
        self.responses.append(new_response) 
     
    def show_results(self): 
        """显示收集到的所有答卷""" 
        print("Survey results:") 
        for response in self.responses: 
            print('- ' + self.response)

class TestAnonmyousSurvey(unittest.TestCase): 
    """针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试""" 
    def test_store_single_response(self): 
        """测试单个答案会被妥善地存储""" 
        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?" 
        my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question) 
        my_survey.store_response('English') 
        self.assertIn('English', my_survey.responses) 
unittest.main()

import unittest 

class AnonymousSurvey(): 
    """收集匿名调查问卷的答案""" 
     ...

class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase): 
    """针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试""" 
     
    def setUp(self): 
        """ 
        创建一个调查对象和一组答案，供使用的测试方法使用
        """ 
        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?" 
        self.my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question) 
        self.responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin'] 
    def test_store_single_response(self): 
        """测试单个答案会被妥善地存储""" 
        self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0]) 
        self.assertIn(self.responses[0], self.my_survey.responses) 
        
    def test_store_three_responses(self): 
        """测试三个答案会被妥善地存储""" 
        for response in self.responses: 
            self.my_survey.store_response(response) 
        for response in self.responses: 
            self.assertIn(response, self.my_survey.responses) 
unittest.main()